Class Summary3#

In this session, we explored the correct pronunciation of words ending in “ED,” the different uses of the “-ing” form in English, and some essential vocabulary related to everyday concepts. Below, you will find a recap of the topics studied, along with exercises designed to reinforce your understanding. Each section includes a brief introduction to help you recall the key concepts.

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Topic 1: Pronunciation of “ED” Endings

Introduction: In English, words that end in “ED” can be pronounced in three different ways: /id/, /t/, and /d/. The pronunciation depends on the final consonant sound of the word before “ED” is added. Understanding these rules will help you pronounce past tense verbs correctly and improve your overall fluency.

Summary:

1. /id/
   • Pronounced after T or D sounds.
   • Examples: wanted, needed
   • Tip: A voiced sound uses the vocal cords and produces a vibration in the throat.
2. /t/
   • Pronounced after voiceless sounds like P, K, SH, CH, GH, TH, SS, C, X.
   • Examples: helped, looked, washed, laughed
   • Tip: Voiceless sounds do not produce vibration in the vocal cords.
3. /d/
   • Pronounced after voiced sounds like L, N, G, V, Z, W, Y.
   • Examples: called, cleaned, loved, followed
   • Tip: Voiced sounds cause a vibration in the throat.

Exercise: Pronunciation Practice

Identify the correct pronunciation for the following words ending in “ED” by placing them under the correct category:

1. Watched
2. Called
3. Wanted
4. Helped
5. Laughed
6. Amazed

Categories:

• /id/
• /t/
• /d/

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Topic 2: Uses of “-ing”

Introduction: The “-ing” form in English has several important uses. It can be used to form continuous tenses, function as an adjective, or even act as a noun (gerund). Mastering the different uses of “-ing” is essential for accurate and effective communication.

Summary:

1. Continuous Tenses:
   • Present Continuous: Describes actions happening right now.
   • Example: “I am eating.”
   • Past Continuous: Describes actions that were happening at a specific time in the past.
   • Example: “I was eating.”
2. As an Adjective:
   • Used to describe something or someone.
   • Example: “She is very interesting.”
3. As a Noun (Gerund):
   • Represents an activity.
   • Example: “Eating vegetables is good for your health.”

Exercise: Fill in the Blanks with the Correct “-ing” Form

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in “-ing”:

1. I enjoy __________ (swim) in the summer.
2. She is __________ (study) for her exams.
3. __________ (run) every morning is good for health.
4. My job involves __________ (teach) English to professionals.
5. He spent the afternoon __________ (relax) by the pool.

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Topic 3: Vocabulary and Key Concepts

Introduction: Expanding your vocabulary and understanding key concepts is crucial for everyday communication. This section covers essential words and phrases that will help you describe common situations accurately.

Key Vocabulary:

1. Deep = Profundo
   Deepen = Profundizar
2. Might = Puede que
3. Such as = Tales como
4. There are two types of copper:
   • Oxide (óxido)
   • Sulfates (sulfatos)
5. Passive Voice:
   • Structure: to be + past participle
   • Example: “The lights were turned off.”

Additional Vocabulary:

• Stomach = Estómago
• Ache = Dolor
• School = Colegio
• Chemical = Químico
• Schedule = Horario

Exercise: Translation Practice

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Puede que vaya al parque esta tarde.
2. Tales como el cobre y el oro.
3. Hay dos tipos de minas.
4. Ella está profundizando sus conocimientos.
5. El químico está trabajando en el laboratorio.

Exercise: Vocabulary Matching

Match the word with its correct translation:

1. Stomach
2. Ache
3. Schedule
4. Chemical

a. Químico
b. Dolor
c. Estómago
d. Horario